Letters from Andrew Ng

Personal messages to the AI community

Two colleagues discuss their chatbot’s success; one suggests hiring an AI Product Manager.
Letters

AI Product Managers Will Be In-Demand: As the cost of building AI products falls, demand for people who know what to build will rise. Get ready for an explosion in AI Product Management!

Writing software, especially prototypes, is becoming cheaper. This will lead to increased demand for people who can decide what to build. AI Product Management has a bright future!
Illustration of tech tools like OpenAI, MongoDB, Heroku, and Python with Andrew Ng working on a laptop
Letters

My AI-Assisted Software Development Stack: The software development stack is evolving fast. Here are some things to consider as you choose components.

Using AI-assisted coding to build software prototypes is an important way to quickly explore many ideas and invent new things.
Andrew Ng celebrating and wishing a Happy New Year 2025 with sparklers.
Letters

New Opportunities for the New Year: AI-assisted coding lets you prototype applications quickly and easily. Go forth and build!

Despite having worked on AI since I was a teenager, I’m now more excited than ever about what we can do with it, especially in building AI applications.
Deer training class with sleigh diagrams on a chalkboard.
Letters

Think Technology is Moving Fast? Look at Applications!: AI technology progressed rapidly in 2024, but applications advanced even more quickly. Good regulation can make for even faster progress in 2025.

Is AI progressing rapidly? Yes! But while the progress of underlying AI technology has indeed sped up over the past 2 years, the fastest acceleration is in applications.
Graph showing cross-validation accuracy vs. number of features for raw and whitened inputs.
Letters

Focus on the Future, Learn From the Past: 15 years ago, the idea of scaling up deep learning was controversial — but it was right. Keep your eyes open for such ideas in 2025.

I’m thrilled that former students and postdocs of mine won both of this year’s NeurIPS Test of Time Paper Awards.
Cartoon showing people stuck in wet concrete, with a person saying ‘You asked for a concrete idea!’
Letters

Best Practices for AI Product Management: Generative AI is making it possible to build new kinds of applications in new ways. Here are emerging best practices for AI product managers.

AI Product Management is evolving rapidly. The growth of generative AI and AI-based developer tools has created numerous opportunities to build AI applications.
AI ecosystem layers: applications, orchestration, foundational models, cloud, and semiconductors.
Letters

The Falling Cost of Building AI Applications: Big AI’s huge investments in foundation models enables developers to build AI applications at very low cost.

There’s a lingering misconception that building with generative AI is expensive.
Cornucopia overflowing with fruits and vegetables.
Letters

Building a Better Future For All: Many people need help, and technology is the best way to help people at scale. Let’s get to work.

Happy Thanksgiving! In the United States, this is a week when many reflect on their blessings and give thanks.
Two people reading in bed, one with a book on library functions and a head labeled with AI layers.
Letters

AI Is Part of Your Online Audience: Some webpages are written not for humans but for large language models to read. Developers can benefit by keeping the LLM audience in mind.

A small number of people are posting text online that’s intended for direct consumption not by humans, but by LLMs (large language models).
Man with tools says, “I optimized for tool use!” Woman at computer replies, “Should’ve optimized for computer use!”
Letters

From Optimizing for People to Optimizing for Machines: Why large language models are increasingly fine-tuned to fit into agentic workflows

Large language models (LLMs) are typically optimized to answer peoples’ questions.
Robot using a megaphone to amplify its message, with smaller robots spreading out from the megaphone.
Letters

Social Media Bots and the Amplification Effect: Software bots that engage with certain social media posts likely play a role in manipulating public opinion. We need better algorithms to distinguish fake from real engagement.

Trump and the Republican party chalked up huge wins this week. Did manipulation of social media by generative AI play any role in this election?
Man pulls lever to electrify a robot maid holding cleaning tools, cartoon-style.
Letters

The Psychology of AI Doom: Why do people who are well informed about AI worry about unrealistic dangers? There are incentives for doomsaying.

Welcome to our special Halloween issue of The Batch, in which we probe fears, anomalies, and shadows of AI.
Two cheetahs in a savannah, with one saying ‘Move fast and be responsible!’ in a speech bubble.
Letters

How to Get User Feedback to Your AI Products - Fast!: Your ability to prototype AI capabilities fast affects all parts of the product development cycle, starting with getting user feedback.

Startups live or die by their ability to execute at speed. For large companies, too, the speed with which an innovation team is able to iterate has a huge impact on its odds of success.
Graph showing global warming with and without aerosol injection.
Letters

To Fight Climate Change, It's Time to Consider Geoengineering: Hurricanes Helene and Milton took hundreds of lives, not to mention other disasters driven by climate change. Stratospheric aerosol injection could save countless lives.

To Fight Climate Change, It's Time to Consider Geoengineering
Three people, Jeff Dean, Andrew Ng, and Geoff Hinton, stand together at Hinton’s retirement party.
Letters

Nobel Prizes for AI!: Nobel committees for physics and chemistry honored AI researchers. How can the AI community itself can celebrate the next generation of innovators?

Congratulations to Geoff Hinton and John Hopfield for winning the 2024 Physics Nobel Prize!

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